Index

.hushlogin

What login does

.profile

Shell startup | Shell startup | Initial environment: /etc/skel

/bin

The filesystem layout | The root filesystem | The root filesystem | The /usr filesystem | Partitioning schemes

/bin/sh

Mounting and unmounting | init comes first | Shell startup

/boot

The root filesystem

/dev

The filesystem layout | The root filesystem | The \texttt/dev\index/dev directory | The /dev directory | Two kinds of devices | Partitioning schemes

/dev/fd0

Floppies | Formatting

/dev/fd0H1440

Floppies

/dev/fd1

Floppies

/dev/hda

Hard disks

/dev/hda1

Device files and partitions

/dev/hda2

Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting

/dev/hdb

Hard disks

/dev/hdc

Hard disks

/dev/hdd

Hard disks

/dev/MAKEDEV

The /dev directory

/dev/MAKEDEV.local

The /dev directory

/dev/sda

Two kinds of devices | Hard disks

/dev/sdb

Hard disks

/dev/sdb7

Device files and partitions

/dev/tty

Configuring init to

/dev/tty1

Configuring init to | Configuring init to

/etc

The filesystem layout | The root filesystem | The \texttt/etc\index/etc directory | The /etc directory | The /etc directory | Partitioning schemes | What to back up

/etc/csh.cshrc

The /etc directory

/etc/csh.login

The /etc directory

/etc/fastboot

Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with

/etc/fdprm

The /etc directory | Floppies

/etc/fstab

The /etc directory | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Adding more disk space | Using a swap space | Using a swap space | Using a swap space

/etc/group

The /etc directory | Access control | Creating a user by | Changing user properties | Removing a user

/etc/init.d/rc

Run levels

/etc/inittab

The /etc directory | Configuring \textttinit\indexinit to start | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Run levels | Run levels | Run levels | Special configuration in \texttt/etc/inittab\index/etc/inittab | Special configuration in /etc/inittab

/etc/issue

The /etc directory | Logins via terminals

/etc/localtime

Showing and setting time

/etc/login.defs

The /etc directory

/etc/magic

The /etc directory

/etc/motd

The /etc directory | What login does

/etc/mtab

The /etc directory

/etc/nologin

What login does

/etc/passwd

The /etc directory | The /etc directory | The /etc directory | Booting in single user | Access control | \texttt/etc/passwd\index/etc/passwd and other informative | /etc/passwd and other informative | /etc/passwd and other informative | Creating a user by | Changing user properties | Changing user properties | Removing a user

/etc/printcap

The /etc directory

/etc/profile

The /etc directory | Shell startup | Shell startup | Initial environment: /etc/skel

/etc/rc

The /etc directory | The /etc directory

/etc/rc.d

The /etc directory

/etc/rc?.d

The /etc directory

/etc/securetty

The /etc directory | Access control

/etc/shadow

The /etc directory | The /etc directory | Access control | /etc/passwd and other informative

/etc/shadow.group

Access control

/etc/shells

The /etc directory | The /etc directory

/etc/skel

Initial environment: \texttt/etc/skel\index/etc/skel | Initial environment: /etc/skel | Initial environment: /etc/skel | Initial environment: /etc/skel | Creating a user by

/etc/skel/.profile

Initial environment: /etc/skel

/etc/termcap

The /etc directory | The /etc directory | The /etc directory

/extra-swap

Creating a swap space

/home

The filesystem layout | Background | Background | Background | Background | The root filesystem | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Partitioning schemes | Examples of hard disk | What to back up

/home/staff

Background

/home/students

Background

/lib

The filesystem layout | The root filesystem | Partitioning schemes

/lib/modules

The root filesystem

/mnt

The root filesystem | The root filesystem | The root filesystem

/mnt/dosa

The root filesystem

/mnt/exta

The root filesystem

/proc

The root filesystem | The \texttt/proc\index/proc filesystem | The /proc filesystem | The /proc filesystem | The /proc filesystem | The /proc filesystem | The /proc filesystem | The /proc filesystem | Filesystems galore | What to back up

/proc/1

The /proc filesystem

/proc/cpuinfo

The /proc filesystem

/proc/devices

The /proc filesystem

/proc/dma

The /proc filesystem

/proc/filesystems

The /proc filesystem

/proc/interrupts

The /proc filesystem

/proc/ioports

The /proc filesystem

/proc/kcore

The /proc filesystem | Filesystems galore | What to back up

/proc/kmsg

The /proc filesystem

/proc/ksyms

The /proc filesystem

/proc/loadavg

The /proc filesystem

/proc/meminfo

The /proc filesystem | The /proc filesystem | Using a swap space

/proc/modules

The /proc filesystem

/proc/net

The /proc filesystem

/proc/self

The /proc filesystem

/proc/stat

The /proc filesystem

/proc/uptime

The /proc filesystem

/proc/version

The /proc filesystem

/root

The root filesystem

/sbin

The root filesystem

/sbin/getty

Logins from terminals

/sbin/init

init | The boot process in | init | init comes first

/sbin/update

The buffer cache

/tmp

Periodic command execution: cron | The root filesystem | The root filesystem | The /var filesystem | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Partitioning schemes | init comes first | Special configuration in /etc/inittab

/usr

The filesystem layout | Background | Background | Background | Background | Background | Background | Background | Background | The root filesystem | The \texttt/usr\index/usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Partitioning schemes | Partitioning schemes | Partitioning schemes | Partitioning schemes | Examples of hard disk | Booting in single user | Booting in single user

/usr/adm/messages

Formatting

/usr/bin

The /usr filesystem

/usr/doc

The /usr filesystem

/usr/include

The /usr filesystem

/usr/info

The /usr filesystem

/usr/lib

The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem

/usr/lib/libc.a

Background

/usr/lib/zoneinfo

Showing and setting time

/usr/local

The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem | The /var filesystem

/usr/local/bin

The /usr filesystem

/usr/man

The /usr filesystem

/usr/man/cat*

The /var filesystem

/usr/man/man*

The /var filesystem

/usr/sbin

The /usr filesystem

/usr/var

Background | Background

/usr/X11R6

The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem | The /usr filesystem

/usr/X386

The /usr filesystem

/var

The filesystem layout | Background | Background | Background | Background | Background | Background | The root filesystem | The \texttt/var\index/var filesystem | The /var filesystem | The /var filesystem | Mounting and unmounting | What to back up

/var/adm/messages

Background

/var/catman

The /var filesystem | The /var filesystem

/var/lib

The /var filesystem

/var/local

The /var filesystem

/var/lock

The /var filesystem | The /var filesystem | The /var filesystem

/var/log

The /var filesystem | The /var filesystem

/var/log/messages

The /var filesystem

/var/log/wtmp

The /var filesystem | What login does

/var/man

The /var filesystem

/var/run

The /var filesystem

/var/run/utmp

The /var filesystem | What login does

/var/spool

The /var filesystem | The /var filesystem

/var/spool/mail

Mail | The /var filesystem

/var/tmp

Periodic command execution: cron | The root filesystem | The /var filesystem | The /var filesystem | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting

/vmlinuz

The root filesystem

active partition

The boot process in

adduser

Creating a user

afio

Compressed backups

application program

Various parts of an

at

Periodic command execution: \textttcron\indexcron | Periodic command execution: cron | Removing a user

Athena

Graphical user interface

axe

More about shutdowns

background processes

and shutting down

More about shutdowns

backups

Emergency boot floppies

badblocks

Formatting | Formatting | Formatting | Creating a filesystem | Creating a filesystem | Creating a filesystem | Creating a filesystem | Creating a filesystem | Checking for disk errors | Checking for disk errors

bdflush

Other tools for all | The buffer cache | The buffer cache | The buffer cache

BIOS

The boot process in

boot process

init

boot record

master

see MBR

partition

see partition boot record

boot sector

An overview of boots

booting

An overview of boots

from emergency floppy

Emergency boot floppies

from floppy

The boot process in

from hard disk

The boot process in

messages

The boot process in

bootstrap loader

An overview of boots

BSD

Important parts of the

buffer cache

Important parts of the | An overview of boots | More about shutdowns | More about shutdowns

C compiler

Various parts of an

cache

More about shutdowns

centralized computing

Networking

cfdisk

Partitioning a hard disk

checking a filesystem

The boot process in

chfn

Changing user properties

chmod

Creating a user by | Changing user properties

chown

Creating a user by

chsh

The /etc directory | Changing user properties

cleaning temporary files

Periodic command execution: cron

clock

Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time | When the clock is

communication

Mail

compression of kernel

The boot process in

console

The boot process in

cpio

Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Multilevel backups | Compressed backups

crack

Access control | Access control

crash

More about shutdowns

cron

Periodic command execution: \textttcron\indexcron | Periodic command execution: cron | Periodic command execution: cron | Periodic command execution: cron | What login does | Removing a user | Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time

crontab

Periodic command execution: cron

crying

Boots And Shutdowns

ctrl-alt-del

Rebooting

curs_termcap

The /etc directory

daemons

at

see at

cron

see cron

init

see /sbin/init

rlogin

see rlogin

starting

The boot process in

telnet

see telnet

data loss

An overview of boots

date

Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time | Showing and setting time | When the clock is

dd

Disks without filesystems | Disks without filesystems

debugfs

Checking filesystem integrity with | Other tools for the | Other tools for the

deluser

Removing a user

device driver

Important parts of the

device driver configuration

The boot process in

df

The /etc directory | Other tools for all

disk cache

More about shutdowns

distributed computing

Networking

documentation

Various parts of an

DouBle

Tips for saving disk

du

Other tools for all

dump

Mounting and unmounting | Other tools for the | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Multilevel backups | Multilevel backups

dumpe2fs

Other tools for the | Other tools for the | Other tools for the

e-mail

see electronic mail

e2fsck

Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking for disk errors | Other tools for the | Other tools for the | Other tools for the

electronic mail

Mail

elm

Mail

emergency floppy

making

Emergency boot floppies

using

Emergency boot floppies

emergency shutdown

see shutdown, emergency

error messages

Syslog

exec

Logins via terminals

fault tolerance

Networking

fdformat

Formatting | Formatting | Formatting | Formatting

fdisk

The MBRboot sectors | Partition types | Partition types | Partition types | Partitioning a hard disk | Partitioning a hard disk | Partitioning a hard disk | Partitioning a hard disk

fdisk -l

The MBRboot sectors

file

The /etc directory | The /etc directory | The /etc directory

filesystem driver

Important parts of the

Filesystem Standard

see FSSTND

filesystems

root

The boot process in

find

Removing a user | Making backups with tar

fips

Partitioning a hard disk

floppy

booting from

see booting

floppy drive

Emergency boot floppies

floppy-image

Disks without filesystems

fork

Logins via terminals

free

The /proc filesystem | Using a swap space | Using a swap space | Allocating swap space

fsck

Formatting | Formatting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking filesystem integrity with | Checking for disk errors | Other tools for the | The boot process in | Booting in single user | Booting in single user | Booting in single user | Booting in single user | Booting in single user

FSSTND

The filesystem layout

fstab

Mounting and unmounting

ftpd

The /etc directory

games

Various parts of an

GCC

Various parts of an

getty

init | Logins from terminals | Logins from terminals | Logins from terminals | Logins from terminals | Network logins | Network logins | Network logins | The /etc directory | The boot process in | The boot process in | init | init comes first | init comes first | Configuring \textttinit\indexinit to start | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via the network | Logins via the network

graphical user interface

Graphical user interface

group

The /etc directory

gzexe

Tips for saving disk

gzip

Tips for saving disk | Compressed backups

hard disk

booting from

see booting

hardware configuration

The boot process in

improper shutdown

see shutdown, emergency

incoming mailbox

Mail

inetd

Logins via the network

init

\textttinit\indexinit | init | init | init | init | init | init | init | Logins from terminals | Logins from terminals | The /etc directory | The /etc directory | An overview of boots | An overview of boots | The boot process in | The boot process in | The boot process in | The boot process in | More about shutdowns | \textttinit\indexinit | init | init | init | see /sbin/init | \textttinit\indexinit comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | init comes first | Configuring \textttinit\indexinit to start | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Configuring init to | Run levels | Run levels | Run levels | Run levels | Run levels | Run levels | Special configuration in /etc/inittab | Special configuration in /etc/inittab | Special configuration in /etc/inittab | Special configuration in /etc/inittab | Booting in single user | Booting in single user | Booting in single user | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals

and ctrl-alt-del

Rebooting

single user mode

Single user mode

inittab

Configuring init to | Special configuration in /etc/inittab

installation disks

Emergency boot floppies

kernel

Various parts of an

kernel compression

The boot process in

kernel configuration

The boot process in

kernel panic

The boot process in

killing processes

init

kill -HUP 1

Configuring init to

last

What login does

letter

see electronic mail

LILO

The boot process in | The boot process in

Linux Filesystem Standard

see FSSTND

log files

Syslog

logging in

Logins from terminals

logging out

Logins from terminals

login

Logins from terminals | Logins from terminals | Logins from terminals | The /etc directory | The /var filesystem | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | Logins via terminals | What \textttlogin\indexlogin does | What login does | What login does | What login does | What login does

lpr

Two kinds of devices

ls

Two kinds of devices | Two kinds of devices | The buffer cache

ls -l

Two kinds of devices

lseek

What are filesystems?

magic

The /etc directory

mail, electronic

see electronic mail

mailbox

Mail

MAKEDEV

The /dev directory

master boot record

The boot process in

MBR

The boot process in

memory management

Important parts of the

mkdir

Creating a user by

mke2fs

Other tools for the

mkfs

Formatting | Formatting | Creating a filesystem | Creating a filesystem | Creating a filesystem | Creating a filesystem

mkfs)

Introduction

mkswap

Creating a swap space | Creating a swap space | Creating a swap space | Creating a swap space | Creating a swap space

Motif

Graphical user interface

mount

The /etc directory | The /etc directory | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting

mount -a

Mounting and unmounting

mounting

root filesystem

The boot process in

mounting filesystems

init

mtools

Mounting and unmounting

multitasking

Important parts of the

multiuser mode

init

netdate

When the clock is | When the clock is

nethack

Special configuration in /etc/inittab | Booting in single user

Network File System

see NFS

network file systems

Network file systems

network management

Important parts of the

NFS

Network file systems

now

Other tools for all

Open Look

Graphical user interface

operating system

Various parts of an

panic

The boot process in

partition boot record

The boot process in

partition table

The boot process in

passwd

The /etc directory | Access control | /etc/passwd and other informative | Creating a user by | Changing user properties

periodic command execution

see cron and at

pine

Mail

printer queue

Printing

proc

The /proc filesystem

process management

Important parts of the

programming languages

Various parts of an

ps

Allocating swap space

ramdisk

Emergency boot floppies

rdate

When the clock is

rdev

Mounting and unmounting | The boot process in | The boot process in

read-only root filesystem

The boot process in

rebooting

Rebooting

restore

Other tools for the

rlogin

Network logins | Network logins | Logins via the network

root

init | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting

root filesystem

The boot process in

run level

init

sendmail

Mail | Glossary (DRAFT)

serial terminal

The boot process in

setfdprm

The /etc directory | The /etc directory | Floppies | Floppies | Formatting

sharing printers

Printing

shutdown

More about shutdowns | More about shutdowns | More about shutdowns | More about shutdowns | Rebooting | What login does

actions

More about shutdowns

emergency

More about shutdowns

triple syncs

More about shutdowns

using

More about shutdowns

shutdown message

More about shutdowns

shutting down

More about shutdowns

single user mode

init | Single user mode

smail

Mail

social relations

Printing

socket

Important parts of the

spooling

Printing

starting a computer

An overview of boots

startup messages

The boot process in

stopping the processor

init

su

Access control | Disabling a user temporarily

sudo

Mounting and unmounting

swap space

Important parts of the

swapoff

Using a swap space

swapon

Using a swap space | Using a swap space

sync

Other tools for all | The buffer cache | The buffer cache | The buffer cache | The buffer cache | More about shutdowns | More about shutdowns

syslog

Syslog | The /var filesystem | The /proc filesystem | Formatting | What login does

system call

Various parts of an

system crash

More about shutdowns

system program

Various parts of an

sysvinit

init comes first | init comes first

tail

Disabling a user temporarily

tar

Disks without filesystems | Disks without filesystems | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Selecting the backup tool | Making backups with \texttttar\indextar | Making backups with tar | Making backups with tar | Making backups with tar | Making backups with tar | Making backups with tar | Making backups with tar | Making backups with tar | Restoring files with \texttttar\indextar | Restoring files with tar | Restoring files with tar | Restoring files with tar | Multilevel backups | Compressed backups | Compressed backups

telinit

Run levels | Booting in single user

telnet

Various parts of an | Network logins | Network logins | Logins via the network

temporary files

Periodic command execution: cron

termcap

The /etc directory

terminal

The boot process in

terminfo

The /etc directory

text mode

The boot process in

time

Showing and setting time

top

Using a swap space

tune2fs

Other tools for the | Other tools for the

tzset

Showing and setting time

umask

Mounting and unmounting

umount

Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting | Mounting and unmounting

unmount

Mounting and unmounting

unmounting filesystems

init

update

Other tools for all | Other tools for all | Other tools for all | The buffer cache | The buffer cache | More about shutdowns | More about shutdowns | Glossary (DRAFT)

user authentication

Logins from terminals

user mode

Various parts of an

useradd

Creating a user

userdel

Removing a user

utmp

What login does | What login does | What login does

video card

The boot process in

video mode

The boot process in

vigr

Creating a user by | Changing user properties

vipw

Creating a user by | Creating a user by | Changing user properties

virtual console

The boot process in

virtual filesystem

Important parts of the

w

What login does

warning messages

Syslog

who

What login does

Windows 95

see crying

wtmp

What login does | What login does

X Window System

init | Graphical user interface

xterm

More about shutdowns

zip

Tips for saving disk